The following multiple choice items represent
material from your two texts as well as class discussions. Please identify the letter of the choice
that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Good luck, and have a great
summer!
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1.
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Methodology could best be described as
a. | the science of knowing | b. | the science of finding out | c. | the discovery of
reality through agreement | d. | the discovery of reality through personal
experience | e. | the logical aspect of science |
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2.
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Our attempts to learn about the world we live in come from
a. | direct experience | b. | tradition | c. | direct, personal
inquiry | d. | authority | e. | all of the
above |
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3.
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The expectation that increased education leads to a reduction in unethical
behavior illustrates
a. | a relationship between variables | b. | the notion of causation | c. | the associations
that might logically be expected to exist between particular attributes of different
variables | d. | a hypothesis | e. | all of the
above |
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4.
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The statement "Knowledge for knowledge's sake" describes:
a. | Pure research | b. | Applied research | c. | Inductive
logic | d. | Deductive logic | e. | Probabilistic
thinking |
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5.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of theory for research?
a. | theory helps to prevent our being taken in by flukes | b. | theory helps us to
explain occurrences | c. | theory helps us to make sense out of observed
patterns | d. | theory shapes and directs research efforts | e. | all of the above ARE
functions of theory for research |
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6.
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The fundamental models or frames of reference we use to organize our
observations and reasoning are:
a. | paradigms | b. | theories | c. | hypotheses | d. | laws | e. | concepts |
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7.
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Which of the following illustrates the use of the inductive method?
a. | hypothesis, observations, accept or reject hypothesis | b. | observations,
pattern finding, and generalizations | c. | theory, hypothesis, observations,
generalizations | d. | theory, observations, and generalizations | e. | generalizations,
theory, and observations |
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8.
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Ethics in counseling research
a. | is defined as general agreements shared by researchers as to what is proper and
improper in the conduct of scientific inquiry | b. | may stem from religious, political, and
pragmatic sources among others | c. | may vary from one point in time to
another | d. | all of the above |
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9.
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The primary political issue raised by the Milgram study was
a. | the willingness of people to harm others when "following orders" required
it | b. | the administering of electrical shocks | c. | the effects of the methods on the experimental
subjects | d. | the effects of the methods on the learner | e. | the examination of
obedience as a topic for study |
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10.
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Professor Smith's research examines the dating behaviors of college
students. Smith decides to track the dating behaviors of college students throughout their college
careers. She decides to begin her research using her introductory class. She assures her students
that all responses will be kept confidential. The students complete her survey during class. Her
research most clearly impinges on
a. | Deception | b. | No harm to participants | c. | Voluntary
participation | d. | The value placed on anonymity | e. | Value-free reports of the
data |
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11.
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When names are removed from questionnaires and are replaced with identification
numbers so that only the researcher can later link a response to a particular name, the researcher
should tell the respondent that the information is
a. | anonymous | b. | confidential | c. | anonymous and
confidential | d. | harmless | e. | none of the
above |
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12.
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Ethical considerations are NOT invoked by
a. | the kinds of individuals serving as participants | b. | the setting in which
the research is to take place | c. | the analysis of the data | d. | the reporting of the
data | e. | all of the above may invoke ethical considerations |
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13.
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For your latest study, you sent a mail questionnaire to 2,000 subjects. You told
subjects that their responses would be held in strict confidence. After the first mailing, 400
completed surveys were returned. For a second mailing, Winer should mail
a. | 2,000 questionnaires | b. | 1,000 questionnaires | c. | 400
questionnaires | d. | 1600 questionnaires | e. | 50
questionnaires |
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14.
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Which of the following does NOT harm subjects?
a. | having them face aspects of themselves that they do not normally
consider | b. | asking them to reveal their unpopular attitudes | c. | asking them to
identify their deviant behavior | d. | allowing them to identify themselves easily in
the final report | e. | all of the above may harm respondents |
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15.
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Ethical obligations to one's colleagues in the scientific community
a. | require that technical shortcomings and failures of the study be
revealed | b. | encourage researchers to ignore negative findings | c. | encourage
researchers to describe their findings as the product of a carefully preplanned analytical
strategy | d. | require researchers to report only the positive discoveries | e. | all of the
above |
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16.
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Jenny agreed to participate in a study of friendship patterns. During the study
she was asked to name her three best friends. Jenny could not think of anyone to name. She felt awful
because she suddenly realized that she had no friends. This research most clearly demonstrates the
ethical problem of:
a. | Deception | b. | No harm to participants | c. | Voluntary
participation | d. | The value placed on anonymity | e. | Value-free reports of the
data |
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17.
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For a causal relationship to exist, there must be evidence
a. | of an empirical correlation between the variables | b. | that one variable
precedes the other in time | c. | that a third variable did not cause the changes
observed in the first two variables | d. | all of the above | e. | only a and b are
correct |
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18.
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Professor Dooley examined the literature on AIDS and could find nothing that
examined children's attitudes toward parents and friends with AIDS. To examine this topic,
Dooley should undertake a(n)
a. | Examination of reductionism | b. | A descriptive study | c. | An exploratory
study | d. | An explanatory study | e. | A panel study |
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19.
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Explanatory studies are designed to find answers to which of the following
questions?
a. | What is the educational profile of people who change careers in
midlife? | b. | Why are people changing careers in midlife? | c. | How many people
change careers in midlife? | d. | Does the occupational prestige of a career tend
to increase for midlife career changers? | e. | All of the above are questions are answered by
explanatory research |
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20.
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The specification of concepts in a scientific inquiry depends on
a. | nominal, operational, and real definitions | b. | real
definitions | c. | nominal and operational definitions | d. | nominal and real
definitions | e. | operational and real definitions |
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21.
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Reliability involves
a. | whether a particular technique applied repeatedly to the same object would yield the
same results each time | b. | ensuring accuracy | c. | ensuring that your
measure measures what you think it should measure | d. | ensuring precision | e. | all of the
above |
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22.
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Techniques used to create reliable measures include
a. | asking only about things respondents are likely to know the answer
to | b. | using measures that have proved their reliability in previous
research | c. | being clear about what you're asking | d. | asking about things
relevant to respondents | e. | all of the
above |
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23.
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Most social scientists would not accept the conceptualization of IQ as foot size
because such a measurement lacks
a. | precision | b. | reliability | c. | accuracy | d. | validity | e. | all of the
above |
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24.
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Which of the following sequences illustrates the progression of measurement
steps?
a. | conceptualization, nominal definition, operational definition, and measurement in the
real world | b. | nominal definition, conceptualization, operational definition, and measurement in the
real world | c. | operational definition, conceptualization, nominal definition, and measurement in the
real world | d. | nominal definition, operationalization, conceptualization, and real-world
measurement | e. | conceptualization, operationalization, nominal definition, and real-world
measurement |
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25.
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Which of the following is FALSE about nominal definitions?
a. | nominal definitions do not claim that the definition represents a "real"
entity | b. | nominal definitions typically represent some consensus about how a term is
used | c. | nominal definitions allow us to observe some entity | d. | nominal definitions
assign a definition to a concept | e. | all of the above are
true |
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26.
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When we fall into the trap of believing that terms have real meanings were are
guilty of
a. | Reification | b. | Measurements that lack
reliability | c. | Measurements that lack validity | d. | Confusing reliability with
validity | e. | Confusing conceptions with conceptualization |
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27.
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Because low marital adjustment should lead to divorce, Professor Rogers checked
his measure of marital adjustment by examining whether couples with low marital adjustment scores
were more likely than couples with high marital adjustment scores to later obtain a divorce. This
illustrates the use of
a. | criterion-related validity | b. | face validity | c. | content
validity | d. | construct validity | e. | test-retest
validity |
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28.
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Professor Miller argues that there are three aspects to the quality of a
relationship: 1) belonging/affirmation, 2) interdependence, and 3) intimacy. These
"aspects" of quality of a relationship are called:
a. | Variables | b. | Dimensions | c. | Constructs | d. | Indicators | e. | Conceptions |
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29.
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Which of the following do indexes and scales have in common?
a. | They are interval measures. | b. | Their attributes form an intensity
structure. | c. | They rank-order the units of analysis in terms of specific
variables. | d. | Their scores represent a pattern of response | e. | They are nominal
measures. |
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30.
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The following items and scoring scheme were taken from the Minnesota Survey
of Opinions. The four items were part of a series of items designed to assess attitudes toward
education. In the index: | SA=strongly
agree | A=agree | U=undecided | | D=disagree | SD=strongly
disagree | | | | |
| 1. | A MAN CAN LEARN
MORE BY WORKING FOUR YEARS THAN BY GOING TO SCHOOL. | | | SA(5) | A(4) | U(3) | D(2) | SD(1) | | | | | | | | | 2. | THE MORE EDUCATION A MAN HAS, THE
BETTER HE IS ABLE TO ENJOY LIFE. | | | SA(1) | A(2) | U(3) | D(4) | SD(5) | | | | | | | | | 3. | EDUCATION HELPS A PERSON TO USE HIS LEISURE TIME TO BETTER
ADVANTAGE. | | | SA(1) | A(2) | U(3) | D(4) | SD(5) | | | | | | | | | 4. | EDUCATION IS OF NO HELP IN GETTING A JOB TODAY. | | | SA(5) | A(4) | U(3) | D(2) | SD(1) | | | | | | |
These items illustrate a __________ question format: a. | Likert scale | b. | Thurstone scale | c. | Guttman
scale | d. | semantic differential scale | e. | Bogardus social distance
scale |
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31.
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In general, as sample size increases
a. | the standard error increases in size | b. | the standard error decreases in
size | c. | the standard error will remain the same regardless of changes in sample
size | d. | the standard error is a constant | e. | the standard error fluctuates in
size |
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32.
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Stratifying a population prior to drawing a sample
a. | eliminates the need for simple random sampling | b. | is most useful for
studying a homogeneous population | c. | eliminates the need for probability
sampling | d. | is an alternative to either random or systematic sampling | e. | none of the
above |
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33.
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Nonprobability sampling
a. | always produces samples that possess distorted characteristics relative to the
population | b. | denies the researcher the use of statistical theory to estimate the probability of
correct inferences | c. | should never be used under any
circumstances | d. | includes stratified sampling | e. | requires the use of sampling
frames |
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34.
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The chief purpose of probability sampling is to be able to select
a. | simple random samples | b. | a sample whose statistics will accurately
portray an unknown population parameter | c. | a sample whose parameters will accurately
portray an unknown population statistic | d. | a sample whose statistics will accurately
portray a known population parameter | e. | a sample whose unknown statistics will
accurately portray a known parameter |
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35.
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Probability theory specifies that
a. | 68% of the samples will fall within about plus or minus one standard error of the
population parameter | b. | 95% of the samples will fall within about plus
or minus two standard errors of the true value | c. | 99% of the samples will fall within about plus
or minus three standard errors of the parameter | d. | 34% of the samples will fall within one
standard error increment above the population parameter | e. | all of the
above |
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36.
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You want to examine the relationship between family size and family cohesion.
You use as your sample all the students in your research methods class. What kind of sampling design
are you using?
a. | simple random sampling | b. | quota sampling | c. | cluster
sampling | d. | stratified sampling | e. | reliance on available subjects or convienience
sampling |
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37.
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Among the requirements for the classical experimental design is a posttest
measurement of the
a. | dependent variable for both the experimental and control groups | b. | independent variable
for both the experimental and control groups | c. | independent variable for the control group
only | d. | dependent variable for the experimental group only | e. | independent variable
for the experimental group only |
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38.
|
The double-blind experiment is one in which
a. | the experimenters do not know which is the experimental group and which is the
control group | b. | the experimental subjects do not know that they are in the experimental group, and
the control group subjects know that they are in the control group | c. | neither the subjects
in the experimental or control groups nor the experimenters know which are the experimental and
control groups | d. | the control group subjects do not know that they are in the control group, and the
experimental group subjects know that they are in the experimental group | e. | the experimental and
control groups are given placebos |
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39.
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Without randomly assigning subjects, a researcher administers the experimental
stimulus to the experimental group and then measures the dependent variable in both the experimental
and comparison groups. This design is known as the
a. | one-group pretest-posttest design | b. | one-shot case study | c. | static-group
design | d. | classical experimental design | e. | posttest-only control group
design |
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Research Methods ExamsAssume that you have developed a study
technique that you believe will result in students scoring higher on research methods exams. You test
your study technique with the design diagramed below. Where: | R=random assignment | | O=observation on the dependent variable | | X= the independent variable | | | | R | O1 | X | O2 | | R | O3 | | O4 | | | | |
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40.
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Refer to Research Methods Exams. Using the diagramed design, what predictions
are correct?
a. | O2 should be greater than O1 | b. | the (O2O1) change should be greater than the
(O4O3) change. | c. | O4 must equal O3 | d. | all of the above are
correct | e. | only a and b are correct |
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41.
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In general, survey research is an appropriate observational method for
a. | describing a population too large to observe directly | b. | descriptive,
exploratory, and explanatory purposes | c. | the measurement of attitudes prevalent in a
larger population | d. | studies that have individual people as the unit
of analysis | e. | all of the above |
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42.
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When follow-ups are planned with mail surveys
a. | the anonymity of respondents can no longer be guaranteed | b. | more thoughtful
answers are usually provided by those who wait until the follow-up to respond | c. | response rates
typically increase | d. | response bias can no longer be
estimated | e. | all of the above |
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43.
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In general, survey research is
a. | strong on reliability and strong on validity | b. | strong on
reliability and weak on validity | c. | weak on reliability and strong on
validity | d. | weak on reliability and weak on validity | e. | reliability and
validity are not issues that concern researchers who use the survey
technique |
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44.
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Which of the following would NOT be appropriate for measurement in evaluation
research?
a. | dependent variable(s) | b. | the experimental context | c. | the outcome(s) of
the experiment | d. | the independent variable(s) | e. | all of the above should be
measured |
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45.
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Professor Simon was asked to evaluate the effectiveness of a new parenting
seminar. After accepting the job, Professor Simon's first question(s) was(were) probably
a. | "What is the intended result of the parenting seminar?" | b. | "What are the
anticipated outcomes of the parenting seminar?" | c. | "What are the unanticipated outcomes of
the parenting seminar?" | d. | All of the above are
correct. | e. | only a and b are correct. |
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46.
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An example of multivariate analysis would be
a. | an examination of the ages of all women who are corporate
executives | b. | an analysis of the relationship between age, sex, and type of nightspot frequented in
a given city in the Midwest | c. | an analysis of the relationship that exists
between types of undergraduate major and positions held in business | d. | an analysis of the
relationship between type of offense and length of prison sentence for those who had a jury
trial | e. | all of the above |
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47.
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A friend of yours assigned a code of 1 to "male" and a code of 2 to
"female" on the variable sex. Your friend asked the computer to compute the average
score on sex. The computer printout contained the following information: mean=1.38, standard
deviation=.43, median=1.4, and mode=1.0. You advise your friend that the best measure(s) of central
tendency to report is(are) the
a. | mean | b. | standard deviation | c. | median | d. | mode | e. | a, c, and d are
appropriate measures to report |
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48.
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Which of the following statistics can be calculated on continuous data?
a. | mean | b. | median | c. | standard
deviation | d. | all of the above | e. | only a and c are
correct |
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49.
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Which of the following measures of central tendency can be used at any level of
measurement?
a. | mean | b. | mode | c. | median | d. | standard deviation | e. | all of the above can
be used |
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50.
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Given the following age distribution, the mean is
18, 33, 7, 32, 6, 5,
4
a. | 4 | b. | 7 | c. | 15 | d. | 32 | e. | cannot compute from
the information given |
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51.
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Given the following age distribution, the range is
12, 15, 8, 17, 34, 43, 2,
16, 43, 3
a. | 12, 3 | b. | 17 | c. | 2,
17 | d. | 2, 43 | e. | cannot compute from the information
given |
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52.
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A description of the number of times that the various attributes of a variable
are observed is called a
a. | frequency distribution | b. | mean | c. | measure of
dispersion | d. | contingency table | e. | multivariable
table |
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53.
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Which of the following hypotheses assumes that there is no relationship between
two variables?
a. | research | b. | null | c. | alternate | d. | secondary | e. | substantive |
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54.
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Which of the following is(are) considered to be inferential statistics?
a. | computing a mean | b. | setting up a frequency
table | c. | testing the significance of a correlation coefficient | d. | calculating
gamma | e. | calculating Pearson's r |
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55.
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A .05 level of significance means that
a. | there is only a 5% chance that the statistic's value could be obtained as a
result of sampling error only | b. | one is 50% certain that the sample value is
representative of the population | c. | there is only a 5% chance that the variables
tested are not independent | d. | the results can be accepted because the
sampling error is only 5% | e. | the level of confidence is only
5% |
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56.
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Professor Henley calculated a squared multiple correlation coefficient. It was
.36. This means that
a. | 36% of the variance in the final score was explained | b. | 60% of the variance
in the final score was explained | c. | 6% of the variance in the final score was
explained | d. | 13% of the variance in the final score was explained | e. | Henley erred in the
calculation |
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57.
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Basically, path analysis attempts to
a. | study a relationship between two variables with a third variable held
constant | b. | examine a nonlinear relationship between two variables | c. | describe
relationships among variables by developing causal models | d. | determine the
irreducible factors underlying a series of variables | e. | represent relationships as distances between
points |
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58.
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Which of the following guidelines is(are) FALSE for reporting on
analyses?
a. | The presentation of data analyses should provide a maximum of detail without being
cluttered | b. | If you're using quantitative data, present them so the reader can recompute
them | c. | If you're using quantitative data, the reader needs to be able to recompute
percentages in the same direction that you used in your presentation | d. | If you're using
quantitative data, the reader does not need to be able to recompute percentages in the opposite
direction from that used in your presentation |
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59.
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Abstracts
a. | Should give you a good idea as to whether you'll want to read the rest of the
article | b. | Should give you a framework for reading the rest of the article | c. | May raise questions
in your mind regarding methods or conclusions | d. | May create an agenda to pursue in reading the
article | e. | Should do all of the above |
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60.
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A typical report begins with a(n)
a. | Literature review | b. | Purpose and overview
statement | c. | Analysis and description statement | d. | Summary statement | e. | Conclusions
statement |
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61.
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A good abstract DOES NOT include a statement about
a. | The purpose of the research | b. | The findings of each table and
graph | c. | The major findings | d. | The methods used | e. | All of the above are
included in a good abstract |
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62.
|
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning data on the
web?
a. | Information on the web is available to a large proportion of the
population | b. | Information that is placed on the web is typically screened for
accuracy | c. | Out-of-date data may be reported on the web | d. | All of the above
statements are TRUE |
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63.
|
According to Dr. C., science is best defined as a
careful, disciplined, logical search for knowledge about any and all aspects of the universe...
a. | obtained by examination of the best available evidence
| b. | always subject to correction and improvement upon
discovery of better evidence | c. | obtained by deep
thought and careful reflection | d. | both a and b are
true |
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64.
|
Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, stated that males
and females have a different number of teeth, without bothering to check; he then provided long
arguments as to why this is the way things ought to be. What was the problem with this approach to
knowledge?
a. | Nothing. Aristotle was absolutely correct in his conclusion | b. | His sample was too
small to generate reliable results | c. | His method was
unreliable: such arguments cannot determine whether a statement is correct, this requires
proofs | d. | His method was
reliable, but his arguments cannot determine whether a statement is correct without the use of
statistical analyses which had not been invented yet |
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65.
|
As discussed in class, as a means to knowledge, the scientific philosophy
differed from other means of knowledge, such as religion and philosophy, in that it is...
a. | a system that emphasized objectivity in seeking answers
to questions about the way of things | b. | a system that
emphasized subjectivity in seeking answers to questions about the way of
things | c. | a system that emphasized impulsivity in seeking answers
to questions about the way of things | d. | none of these is
true |
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66.
|
As discussed in class, the scientific method is a set of principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge
involving
a. | the recognition and formulation of a problem, the
collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses
| b. | first the testing of hypotheses leading to the
recognition and formulation of a problem and teh selective collection of data to support the proposed
hypotheses | c. | an approach to collecting data that enures that
the researcher will prove her or his theory | d. | none of the
above |
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67.
|
According to Dr. C., research methods represent the
various “_______” that we use to work through the problems we seek to solve
a. | ideas | b. | thoughts | c. | techniques | d. | tools |
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68.
|
Not all researchers are scientists,
but…
a. | all valid research is based on survey methods
| b. | all valid research is based upon atheism
| c. | all valid research is based upon the scientific method
| d. | all valid research is based upon the ideas of
Aristotle |
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69.
|
Counseling Researchers study all of the following except
a. | psychological issues specific to mental health;
attitudes, coping, behaviors, change, etc. | b. | academic
achievement and family cohesion | c. | rat brains | d. | effectiveness of various counseling
methods |
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70.
|
In selecting a research topic, you the researcher are advised to
a. | investigate what is known about this problem
currently | b. | explore what you see as an important issue in your field
based on your own experience | c. | follow your passion as you will soon be sick of
even the most exciting topics due to all the work involved | d. | all of the
above |
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71.
|
In narrowing your topic, you should
a. | avoid topics studied by others | b. | search the internet | c. | use a variety of
sources including magazines, newspapers, and books | d. | let the literature serve as your
guide |
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72.
|
The best time to determine your research design is
a. | before you work on anything else | b. | after you have gathered and analyzed your
data | c. | after you have determined your topic and research question(s) | d. | none of these are
true |
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73.
|
The literature review serves as a “map of the
terrain” to demonstrate what has been done and what has been found. It should...
a. | primarily report previous research
findings | b. | show how well your study fills in the voids in this
landscape | c. | be focused primarily on your topic, but may need to
reflect the broader context as well | d. | do all of the
above |
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74.
|
As behavioral Scientists, counseling researchers rely primarily on __________
for researching the professional literature.
a. | ERIC | b. | PsychInfo | c. | Medline | d. | a and b |
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75.
|
Appropriate sources to use in a research literature
review include
a. | Non-research articles are discussions, but not reports
of research that “map” the terrain | b. | Peer reviewed
research studies found in journals from your field or related | c. | Books and articles that quote previous studies | d. | Newspapers, magazines, web-sites, etc |
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